Sued for Debt in District of Columbia? Here's What to Do Next

21 days from service.

3 years for all contract types — one of the shortest in the country.

Yes, but DC's high minimum wage means the 40x minimum wage exemption provides strong protection.

DC Superior Court handles all civil cases, including small claims up to $10,000.

DC applies a three-year statute of limitations to actions on simple contracts and obligations not under seal under D.C. Code § 12-301(7), which courts have applied to credit card accounts. The clock typically begins on the date of default or last payment. Three years is one of the shorter SOLs in the country, making DC consumer-friendly on time-barred debt. Once three years pass, the debt is time-barred and a suit on it violates 15 U.S.C. § 1692e(2) and § 1692f(1) of the federal FDCPA, as well as the DC Consumer Protection Procedures Act (D.C. Code §§ 28-3901 et seq.). Raise the statute of limitations as an affirmative defense in your Answer and consider counterclaims under both the FDCPA (with $1,000 in statutory damages, actual damages, and attorney's fees under § 1692k) and the CPPA (with treble damages and attorney's fees under D.C. Code § 28-3905). Be cautious about new payments or written acknowledgments, which can restart the SOL under D.C. Code § 28-3506.

The DC Protecting Consumers from Unjust Debt Collection Practices Amendment Act of 2022 substantially strengthened the District's existing debt collection law (D.C. Code §§ 28-3814 et seq.). Key changes include: (1) extending the law to cover original creditors, not just third-party collectors, similar to California's Rosenthal Act; (2) capping collector communications at three calls per week and one written communication per week per debt; (3) requiring more detailed validation notices than the federal FDCPA at 15 U.S.C. § 1692g; and (4) prohibiting collection on time-barred debts. Violations support private actions under D.C. Code § 28-3814(k) with statutory damages, actual damages, and attorney's fees, and the DC Office of the Attorney General can also enforce the law under the DC Consumer Protection Procedures Act. Together with the federal FDCPA and CFPB Regulation F (12 CFR Part 1006), these protections make DC one of the most consumer-friendly jurisdictions.

The DC Consumer Protection Procedures Act (CPPA), D.C. Code §§ 28-3901 et seq., is one of the most powerful state-level consumer protection statutes in the country. It prohibits unfair or deceptive trade practices, which DC courts have applied to abusive debt collection conduct. Under D.C. Code § 28-3905(k), private plaintiffs can recover treble damages or $1,500 per violation (whichever is greater), punitive damages, attorney's fees, and reasonable costs. Unlike the federal FDCPA at 15 U.S.C. §§ 1692-1692p, the CPPA reaches original creditors as well as third-party collectors. The same conduct that supports an FDCPA counterclaim (false statements under § 1692e, unfair practices under § 1692f, validation failures under § 1692g) often supports a parallel CPPA claim with significantly higher damages. The DC Attorney General's Office of Consumer Protection also enforces the CPPA in pattern cases.

DC follows federal-floor wage garnishment but with one important enhancement. Under D.C. Code § 16-572, the maximum weekly garnishment is the lesser of 25% of disposable earnings or the amount by which disposable earnings exceed 40 times the higher of the state or federal minimum wage. With DC's 2026 minimum wage of $17.50, the protected weekly floor substantially exceeds the federal 30x minimum wage floor under 15 U.S.C. § 1673. The DC Protecting Consumers from Unjust Debt Collection Practices Amendment Act also limits the percentage that can be garnished for low-income consumers. To assert exemptions, file a claim of exemption with the DC Superior Court. Federal benefits like Social Security, SSI, and VA payments remain fully protected under 42 U.S.C. § 407, and DC also exempts certain retirement income under D.C. Code § 15-501.

DC Superior Court is the trial court of general jurisdiction for the District. Debt collection cases are filed in either the Small Claims and Conciliation Branch (for cases up to $10,000 under D.C. Code § 11-1321) or the regular Civil Division (for larger amounts). In small claims, parties may represent themselves or be represented by counsel, and the procedure is simplified. In the regular Civil Division, formal pleading rules apply. You have 21 days from service to file an Answer in the Civil Division under D.C. Super. Ct. Civ. R. 12(a), and small claims cases require an appearance on the return date listed on the summons. Your Answer should deny the allegations you contest and raise affirmative defenses including statute of limitations under D.C. Code § 12-301(7), lack of standing, failure to validate under 15 U.S.C. § 1692g, and any CPPA or DC debt collection law violations. The federal FDCPA at § 1692i and DC residency rules require the suit to be in DC if you live there.